1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:35,190 I 2 00:00:35,190 --> 00:00:35,200 3 00:00:35,200 --> 00:00:49,370 Oh 4 00:00:49,370 --> 00:00:49,380 5 00:00:49,380 --> 00:00:52,440 the in-situ monitoring of crystal growth 6 00:00:52,440 --> 00:00:52,450 the in-situ monitoring of crystal growth 7 00:00:52,450 --> 00:00:54,930 the in-situ monitoring of crystal growth using Mephisto experiments is a 8 00:00:54,930 --> 00:00:54,940 using Mephisto experiments is a 9 00:00:54,940 --> 00:00:56,990 using Mephisto experiments is a collaborative American and French 10 00:00:56,990 --> 00:00:57,000 collaborative American and French 11 00:00:57,000 --> 00:00:59,040 collaborative American and French investigation of the fundamentals of 12 00:00:59,040 --> 00:00:59,050 investigation of the fundamentals of 13 00:00:59,050 --> 00:01:02,630 investigation of the fundamentals of crystal growth the french space agency 14 00:01:02,630 --> 00:01:02,640 crystal growth the french space agency 15 00:01:02,640 --> 00:01:05,640 crystal growth the french space agency cnes and the french nuclear energy 16 00:01:05,640 --> 00:01:05,650 cnes and the french nuclear energy 17 00:01:05,650 --> 00:01:09,900 cnes and the french nuclear energy agency ceng designed and built Mephisto 18 00:01:09,900 --> 00:01:09,910 agency ceng designed and built Mephisto 19 00:01:09,910 --> 00:01:12,240 agency ceng designed and built Mephisto the crystal growth hardware for this 20 00:01:12,240 --> 00:01:12,250 the crystal growth hardware for this 21 00:01:12,250 --> 00:01:15,389 the crystal growth hardware for this experiment project management and 22 00:01:15,389 --> 00:01:15,399 experiment project management and 23 00:01:15,399 --> 00:01:17,639 experiment project management and support functions of the experiments are 24 00:01:17,639 --> 00:01:17,649 support functions of the experiments are 25 00:01:17,649 --> 00:01:20,460 support functions of the experiments are provided by personnel of the NASA Lewis 26 00:01:20,460 --> 00:01:20,470 provided by personnel of the NASA Lewis 27 00:01:20,470 --> 00:01:24,150 provided by personnel of the NASA Lewis Research Center in Cleveland Ohio the 28 00:01:24,150 --> 00:01:24,160 Research Center in Cleveland Ohio the 29 00:01:24,160 --> 00:01:26,310 Research Center in Cleveland Ohio the experiment will fly as part of the 30 00:01:26,310 --> 00:01:26,320 experiment will fly as part of the 31 00:01:26,320 --> 00:01:28,260 experiment will fly as part of the second United States microgravity 32 00:01:28,260 --> 00:01:28,270 second United States microgravity 33 00:01:28,270 --> 00:01:31,770 second United States microgravity payload us mp2 aboard the space shuttle 34 00:01:31,770 --> 00:01:31,780 payload us mp2 aboard the space shuttle 35 00:01:31,780 --> 00:01:35,190 payload us mp2 aboard the space shuttle Columbia the United States principal 36 00:01:35,190 --> 00:01:35,200 Columbia the United States principal 37 00:01:35,200 --> 00:01:37,170 Columbia the United States principal investigator for this new Fisto flight 38 00:01:37,170 --> 00:01:37,180 investigator for this new Fisto flight 39 00:01:37,180 --> 00:01:40,590 investigator for this new Fisto flight is professor Raisa and las tunas chair 40 00:01:40,590 --> 00:01:40,600 is professor Raisa and las tunas chair 41 00:01:40,600 --> 00:01:42,660 is professor Raisa and las tunas chair of the Department of material science 42 00:01:42,660 --> 00:01:42,670 of the Department of material science 43 00:01:42,670 --> 00:01:44,730 of the Department of material science and engineering at the University of 44 00:01:44,730 --> 00:01:44,740 and engineering at the University of 45 00:01:44,740 --> 00:01:47,910 and engineering at the University of Florida the data from this 46 00:01:47,910 --> 00:01:47,920 Florida the data from this 47 00:01:47,920 --> 00:01:50,340 Florida the data from this french-american collaboration will be 48 00:01:50,340 --> 00:01:50,350 french-american collaboration will be 49 00:01:50,350 --> 00:01:52,620 french-american collaboration will be analyzed and the scientific information 50 00:01:52,620 --> 00:01:52,630 analyzed and the scientific information 51 00:01:52,630 --> 00:01:56,010 analyzed and the scientific information will be exchanged the knowledge gained 52 00:01:56,010 --> 00:01:56,020 will be exchanged the knowledge gained 53 00:01:56,020 --> 00:01:58,050 will be exchanged the knowledge gained from these experiments will be of 54 00:01:58,050 --> 00:01:58,060 from these experiments will be of 55 00:01:58,060 --> 00:01:59,760 from these experiments will be of fundamental importance to the 56 00:01:59,760 --> 00:01:59,770 fundamental importance to the 57 00:01:59,770 --> 00:02:02,850 fundamental importance to the semiconductor industry for the upcoming 58 00:02:02,850 --> 00:02:02,860 semiconductor industry for the upcoming 59 00:02:02,860 --> 00:02:06,990 semiconductor industry for the upcoming US mp2 mission dr. Bastian and his 60 00:02:06,990 --> 00:02:07,000 US mp2 mission dr. Bastian and his 61 00:02:07,000 --> 00:02:09,630 US mp2 mission dr. Bastian and his research team have chosen bismuth with 62 00:02:09,630 --> 00:02:09,640 research team have chosen bismuth with 63 00:02:09,640 --> 00:02:11,430 research team have chosen bismuth with small amounts of tin to study 64 00:02:11,430 --> 00:02:11,440 small amounts of tin to study 65 00:02:11,440 --> 00:02:14,420 small amounts of tin to study solidification and crystal growth 66 00:02:14,420 --> 00:02:14,430 solidification and crystal growth 67 00:02:14,430 --> 00:02:16,710 solidification and crystal growth researchers have found that crystals 68 00:02:16,710 --> 00:02:16,720 researchers have found that crystals 69 00:02:16,720 --> 00:02:18,840 researchers have found that crystals grown from this alloy possess a 70 00:02:18,840 --> 00:02:18,850 grown from this alloy possess a 71 00:02:18,850 --> 00:02:21,960 grown from this alloy possess a well-behaved Seebeck coefficient this 72 00:02:21,960 --> 00:02:21,970 well-behaved Seebeck coefficient this 73 00:02:21,970 --> 00:02:24,330 well-behaved Seebeck coefficient this property of the bismuth tin crystal 74 00:02:24,330 --> 00:02:24,340 property of the bismuth tin crystal 75 00:02:24,340 --> 00:02:27,300 property of the bismuth tin crystal allows a non-intrusive real-time 76 00:02:27,300 --> 00:02:27,310 allows a non-intrusive real-time 77 00:02:27,310 --> 00:02:29,130 allows a non-intrusive real-time measurement of the solid liquid 78 00:02:29,130 --> 00:02:29,140 measurement of the solid liquid 79 00:02:29,140 --> 00:02:32,819 measurement of the solid liquid interface temperature the measurement of 80 00:02:32,819 --> 00:02:32,829 interface temperature the measurement of 81 00:02:32,829 --> 00:02:34,830 interface temperature the measurement of temperature and other local conditions 82 00:02:34,830 --> 00:02:34,840 temperature and other local conditions 83 00:02:34,840 --> 00:02:37,350 temperature and other local conditions at the solid-liquid interface or 84 00:02:37,350 --> 00:02:37,360 at the solid-liquid interface or 85 00:02:37,360 --> 00:02:39,180 at the solid-liquid interface or boundary between solid and liquid 86 00:02:39,180 --> 00:02:39,190 boundary between solid and liquid 87 00:02:39,190 --> 00:02:42,199 boundary between solid and liquid material are important to scientists in 88 00:02:42,199 --> 00:02:42,209 material are important to scientists in 89 00:02:42,209 --> 00:02:44,130 material are important to scientists in understanding the structural and 90 00:02:44,130 --> 00:02:44,140 understanding the structural and 91 00:02:44,140 --> 00:02:46,650 understanding the structural and chemical composition of the crystals 92 00:02:46,650 --> 00:02:46,660 chemical composition of the crystals 93 00:02:46,660 --> 00:02:48,059 chemical composition of the crystals that are produced 94 00:02:48,059 --> 00:02:48,069 that are produced 95 00:02:48,069 --> 00:02:51,170 that are produced to illustrate a solid-liquid interface 96 00:02:51,170 --> 00:02:51,180 to illustrate a solid-liquid interface 97 00:02:51,180 --> 00:02:53,670 to illustrate a solid-liquid interface consider the point at which the solid 98 00:02:53,670 --> 00:02:53,680 consider the point at which the solid 99 00:02:53,680 --> 00:02:56,300 consider the point at which the solid wax of a burning candle turns to liquid 100 00:02:56,300 --> 00:02:56,310 wax of a burning candle turns to liquid 101 00:02:56,310 --> 00:02:59,520 wax of a burning candle turns to liquid the solid liquid interface continues to 102 00:02:59,520 --> 00:02:59,530 the solid liquid interface continues to 103 00:02:59,530 --> 00:03:01,949 the solid liquid interface continues to move downward as the candle continues to 104 00:03:01,949 --> 00:03:01,959 move downward as the candle continues to 105 00:03:01,959 --> 00:03:06,390 move downward as the candle continues to burn the hardware is mounted on a bridge 106 00:03:06,390 --> 00:03:06,400 burn the hardware is mounted on a bridge 107 00:03:06,400 --> 00:03:08,580 burn the hardware is mounted on a bridge like carrier in the space shuttles cargo 108 00:03:08,580 --> 00:03:08,590 like carrier in the space shuttles cargo 109 00:03:08,590 --> 00:03:12,149 like carrier in the space shuttles cargo bay the french-built mephisto furnace is 110 00:03:12,149 --> 00:03:12,159 bay the french-built mephisto furnace is 111 00:03:12,159 --> 00:03:14,580 bay the french-built mephisto furnace is designed to grow crystals under well 112 00:03:14,580 --> 00:03:14,590 designed to grow crystals under well 113 00:03:14,590 --> 00:03:16,770 designed to grow crystals under well controlled conditions of temperature and 114 00:03:16,770 --> 00:03:16,780 controlled conditions of temperature and 115 00:03:16,780 --> 00:03:20,909 controlled conditions of temperature and velocity as the experiment begins the 116 00:03:20,909 --> 00:03:20,919 velocity as the experiment begins the 117 00:03:20,919 --> 00:03:23,610 velocity as the experiment begins the sample rods are melted the thermal 118 00:03:23,610 --> 00:03:23,620 sample rods are melted the thermal 119 00:03:23,620 --> 00:03:25,830 sample rods are melted the thermal condition is identical for all three 120 00:03:25,830 --> 00:03:25,840 condition is identical for all three 121 00:03:25,840 --> 00:03:29,729 condition is identical for all three samples as illustrated here the red 122 00:03:29,729 --> 00:03:29,739 samples as illustrated here the red 123 00:03:29,739 --> 00:03:32,819 samples as illustrated here the red components represent the furnaces while 124 00:03:32,819 --> 00:03:32,829 components represent the furnaces while 125 00:03:32,829 --> 00:03:35,189 components represent the furnaces while the blue components represent the heat 126 00:03:35,189 --> 00:03:35,199 the blue components represent the heat 127 00:03:35,199 --> 00:03:39,119 the blue components represent the heat sinks or cooling sections the furnace on 128 00:03:39,119 --> 00:03:39,129 sinks or cooling sections the furnace on 129 00:03:39,129 --> 00:03:41,429 sinks or cooling sections the furnace on the left is stationary while the furnace 130 00:03:41,429 --> 00:03:41,439 the left is stationary while the furnace 131 00:03:41,439 --> 00:03:43,589 the left is stationary while the furnace on the right is mounted on a sliding 132 00:03:43,589 --> 00:03:43,599 on the right is mounted on a sliding 133 00:03:43,599 --> 00:03:47,640 on the right is mounted on a sliding mechanism as the experiment continues 134 00:03:47,640 --> 00:03:47,650 mechanism as the experiment continues 135 00:03:47,650 --> 00:03:50,189 mechanism as the experiment continues the melted sample rod is slowly 136 00:03:50,189 --> 00:03:50,199 the melted sample rod is slowly 137 00:03:50,199 --> 00:03:53,429 the melted sample rod is slowly solidified the boundary between the 138 00:03:53,429 --> 00:03:53,439 solidified the boundary between the 139 00:03:53,439 --> 00:03:56,069 solidified the boundary between the liquid and solid material or solid 140 00:03:56,069 --> 00:03:56,079 liquid and solid material or solid 141 00:03:56,079 --> 00:03:58,710 liquid and solid material or solid liquid interface occurs between the red 142 00:03:58,710 --> 00:03:58,720 liquid interface occurs between the red 143 00:03:58,720 --> 00:04:00,809 liquid interface occurs between the red and blue components of the Mephisto 144 00:04:00,809 --> 00:04:00,819 and blue components of the Mephisto 145 00:04:00,819 --> 00:04:04,530 and blue components of the Mephisto apparatus as the mobile furnace moves 146 00:04:04,530 --> 00:04:04,540 apparatus as the mobile furnace moves 147 00:04:04,540 --> 00:04:06,899 apparatus as the mobile furnace moves toward the fixed furnace the solid 148 00:04:06,899 --> 00:04:06,909 toward the fixed furnace the solid 149 00:04:06,909 --> 00:04:09,869 toward the fixed furnace the solid liquid interface moves also this causes 150 00:04:09,869 --> 00:04:09,879 liquid interface moves also this causes 151 00:04:09,879 --> 00:04:11,640 liquid interface moves also this causes the temperature of the liquid material 152 00:04:11,640 --> 00:04:11,650 the temperature of the liquid material 153 00:04:11,650 --> 00:04:13,469 the temperature of the liquid material to fall slightly below its freezing 154 00:04:13,469 --> 00:04:13,479 to fall slightly below its freezing 155 00:04:13,479 --> 00:04:16,800 to fall slightly below its freezing point before solidifying this process 156 00:04:16,800 --> 00:04:16,810 point before solidifying this process 157 00:04:16,810 --> 00:04:19,259 point before solidifying this process known is supercooling provides a means 158 00:04:19,259 --> 00:04:19,269 known is supercooling provides a means 159 00:04:19,269 --> 00:04:21,300 known is supercooling provides a means of controlling the solidification of the 160 00:04:21,300 --> 00:04:21,310 of controlling the solidification of the 161 00:04:21,310 --> 00:04:24,270 of controlling the solidification of the crystal this is a key variable in 162 00:04:24,270 --> 00:04:24,280 crystal this is a key variable in 163 00:04:24,280 --> 00:04:25,770 crystal this is a key variable in determining the structural composition 164 00:04:25,770 --> 00:04:25,780 determining the structural composition 165 00:04:25,780 --> 00:04:29,010 determining the structural composition of the crystal super cooling is used to 166 00:04:29,010 --> 00:04:29,020 of the crystal super cooling is used to 167 00:04:29,020 --> 00:04:30,810 of the crystal super cooling is used to describe the temperature of the 168 00:04:30,810 --> 00:04:30,820 describe the temperature of the 169 00:04:30,820 --> 00:04:34,170 describe the temperature of the interface when this interface is moving 170 00:04:34,170 --> 00:04:34,180 interface when this interface is moving 171 00:04:34,180 --> 00:04:36,990 interface when this interface is moving if the interface is not moving in other 172 00:04:36,990 --> 00:04:37,000 if the interface is not moving in other 173 00:04:37,000 --> 00:04:38,790 if the interface is not moving in other words if you are not growing crystals 174 00:04:38,790 --> 00:04:38,800 words if you are not growing crystals 175 00:04:38,800 --> 00:04:42,209 words if you are not growing crystals the interface temperature is exactly at 176 00:04:42,209 --> 00:04:42,219 the interface temperature is exactly at 177 00:04:42,219 --> 00:04:44,810 the interface temperature is exactly at the melting point however when the 178 00:04:44,810 --> 00:04:44,820 the melting point however when the 179 00:04:44,820 --> 00:04:47,909 the melting point however when the interface moves its temperature is 180 00:04:47,909 --> 00:04:47,919 interface moves its temperature is 181 00:04:47,919 --> 00:04:51,959 interface moves its temperature is slightly below the melting point and the 182 00:04:51,959 --> 00:04:51,969 slightly below the melting point and the 183 00:04:51,969 --> 00:04:54,420 slightly below the melting point and the difference between the actual interface 184 00:04:54,420 --> 00:04:54,430 difference between the actual interface 185 00:04:54,430 --> 00:04:56,879 difference between the actual interface temperature and the melting point of 186 00:04:56,879 --> 00:04:56,889 temperature and the melting point of 187 00:04:56,889 --> 00:04:59,279 temperature and the melting point of that interface is called super cooling 188 00:04:59,279 --> 00:04:59,289 that interface is called super cooling 189 00:04:59,289 --> 00:05:01,710 that interface is called super cooling it is actually the driving 190 00:05:01,710 --> 00:05:01,720 it is actually the driving 191 00:05:01,720 --> 00:05:04,680 it is actually the driving force that causes the interface to move 192 00:05:04,680 --> 00:05:04,690 force that causes the interface to move 193 00:05:04,690 --> 00:05:07,200 force that causes the interface to move although mephisto processes all three 194 00:05:07,200 --> 00:05:07,210 although mephisto processes all three 195 00:05:07,210 --> 00:05:09,810 although mephisto processes all three samples simultaneously different 196 00:05:09,810 --> 00:05:09,820 samples simultaneously different 197 00:05:09,820 --> 00:05:11,930 samples simultaneously different measurements are taken of each sample 198 00:05:11,930 --> 00:05:11,940 measurements are taken of each sample 199 00:05:11,940 --> 00:05:15,210 measurements are taken of each sample the Seebeck technique is a non intrusive 200 00:05:15,210 --> 00:05:15,220 the Seebeck technique is a non intrusive 201 00:05:15,220 --> 00:05:17,490 the Seebeck technique is a non intrusive way of measuring the temperature of the 202 00:05:17,490 --> 00:05:17,500 way of measuring the temperature of the 203 00:05:17,500 --> 00:05:20,760 way of measuring the temperature of the solid liquid interface a voltage across 204 00:05:20,760 --> 00:05:20,770 solid liquid interface a voltage across 205 00:05:20,770 --> 00:05:22,980 solid liquid interface a voltage across the sample is created by a potential 206 00:05:22,980 --> 00:05:22,990 the sample is created by a potential 207 00:05:22,990 --> 00:05:25,290 the sample is created by a potential difference between the stationary solid 208 00:05:25,290 --> 00:05:25,300 difference between the stationary solid 209 00:05:25,300 --> 00:05:27,480 difference between the stationary solid and liquid interface and the moving 210 00:05:27,480 --> 00:05:27,490 and liquid interface and the moving 211 00:05:27,490 --> 00:05:30,570 and liquid interface and the moving solid and liquid interface the level of 212 00:05:30,570 --> 00:05:30,580 solid and liquid interface the level of 213 00:05:30,580 --> 00:05:32,520 solid and liquid interface the level of super cooling at the interface in the 214 00:05:32,520 --> 00:05:32,530 super cooling at the interface in the 215 00:05:32,530 --> 00:05:34,980 super cooling at the interface in the moving furnace is determined from this 216 00:05:34,980 --> 00:05:34,990 moving furnace is determined from this 217 00:05:34,990 --> 00:05:37,680 moving furnace is determined from this voltage difference another measurement 218 00:05:37,680 --> 00:05:37,690 voltage difference another measurement 219 00:05:37,690 --> 00:05:41,730 voltage difference another measurement is pelletier marking these markings are 220 00:05:41,730 --> 00:05:41,740 is pelletier marking these markings are 221 00:05:41,740 --> 00:05:43,860 is pelletier marking these markings are created by pulsing an electric current 222 00:05:43,860 --> 00:05:43,870 created by pulsing an electric current 223 00:05:43,870 --> 00:05:47,210 created by pulsing an electric current through the sample this current pulse 224 00:05:47,210 --> 00:05:47,220 through the sample this current pulse 225 00:05:47,220 --> 00:05:50,400 through the sample this current pulse causes a momentary change in the local 226 00:05:50,400 --> 00:05:50,410 causes a momentary change in the local 227 00:05:50,410 --> 00:05:52,620 causes a momentary change in the local chemical composition that outlines the 228 00:05:52,620 --> 00:05:52,630 chemical composition that outlines the 229 00:05:52,630 --> 00:05:56,550 chemical composition that outlines the shape of the solid liquid interface by 230 00:05:56,550 --> 00:05:56,560 shape of the solid liquid interface by 231 00:05:56,560 --> 00:05:58,850 shape of the solid liquid interface by examining the shape of this interface 232 00:05:58,850 --> 00:05:58,860 examining the shape of this interface 233 00:05:58,860 --> 00:06:01,110 examining the shape of this interface scientists can determine the growth 234 00:06:01,110 --> 00:06:01,120 scientists can determine the growth 235 00:06:01,120 --> 00:06:03,450 scientists can determine the growth conditions necessary to produce crystals 236 00:06:03,450 --> 00:06:03,460 conditions necessary to produce crystals 237 00:06:03,460 --> 00:06:05,760 conditions necessary to produce crystals with fewer imperfections and more 238 00:06:05,760 --> 00:06:05,770 with fewer imperfections and more 239 00:06:05,770 --> 00:06:09,180 with fewer imperfections and more uniform composition at the conclusion of 240 00:06:09,180 --> 00:06:09,190 uniform composition at the conclusion of 241 00:06:09,190 --> 00:06:11,730 uniform composition at the conclusion of the experiment the final two centimeters 242 00:06:11,730 --> 00:06:11,740 the experiment the final two centimeters 243 00:06:11,740 --> 00:06:13,620 the experiment the final two centimeters of one of the melted sample rods is 244 00:06:13,620 --> 00:06:13,630 of one of the melted sample rods is 245 00:06:13,630 --> 00:06:16,850 of one of the melted sample rods is gassed quenched the quenching 246 00:06:16,850 --> 00:06:16,860 gassed quenched the quenching 247 00:06:16,860 --> 00:06:19,320 gassed quenched the quenching instantaneously freezes the tin in the 248 00:06:19,320 --> 00:06:19,330 instantaneously freezes the tin in the 249 00:06:19,330 --> 00:06:22,409 instantaneously freezes the tin in the liquid the quenched sample can then be 250 00:06:22,409 --> 00:06:22,419 liquid the quenched sample can then be 251 00:06:22,419 --> 00:06:25,020 liquid the quenched sample can then be analyzed to determine the at temperature 252 00:06:25,020 --> 00:06:25,030 analyzed to determine the at temperature 253 00:06:25,030 --> 00:06:28,320 analyzed to determine the at temperature concentration of tin in the liquid all 254 00:06:28,320 --> 00:06:28,330 concentration of tin in the liquid all 255 00:06:28,330 --> 00:06:30,510 concentration of tin in the liquid all this experiment information is 256 00:06:30,510 --> 00:06:30,520 this experiment information is 257 00:06:30,520 --> 00:06:32,610 this experiment information is transmitted to the payload operations 258 00:06:32,610 --> 00:06:32,620 transmitted to the payload operations 259 00:06:32,620 --> 00:06:35,700 transmitted to the payload operations control center in real time as it is 260 00:06:35,700 --> 00:06:35,710 control center in real time as it is 261 00:06:35,710 --> 00:06:38,640 control center in real time as it is happening the principal investigator can 262 00:06:38,640 --> 00:06:38,650 happening the principal investigator can 263 00:06:38,650 --> 00:06:41,340 happening the principal investigator can issue commands to adjust or repeat any 264 00:06:41,340 --> 00:06:41,350 issue commands to adjust or repeat any 265 00:06:41,350 --> 00:06:43,620 issue commands to adjust or repeat any segment of the experiment such as 266 00:06:43,620 --> 00:06:43,630 segment of the experiment such as 267 00:06:43,630 --> 00:06:46,020 segment of the experiment such as rerunning some of the melting rates when 268 00:06:46,020 --> 00:06:46,030 rerunning some of the melting rates when 269 00:06:46,030 --> 00:06:48,630 rerunning some of the melting rates when these experience we hope to learn the 270 00:06:48,630 --> 00:06:48,640 these experience we hope to learn the 271 00:06:48,640 --> 00:06:52,080 these experience we hope to learn the fundamentals that are involved in Salta 272 00:06:52,080 --> 00:06:52,090 fundamentals that are involved in Salta 273 00:06:52,090 --> 00:06:54,659 fundamentals that are involved in Salta fication of crystals you hope to 274 00:06:54,659 --> 00:06:54,669 fication of crystals you hope to 275 00:06:54,669 --> 00:06:56,550 fication of crystals you hope to understand what is happening at the 276 00:06:56,550 --> 00:06:56,560 understand what is happening at the 277 00:06:56,560 --> 00:06:59,460 understand what is happening at the solid liquid interface and use this 278 00:06:59,460 --> 00:06:59,470 solid liquid interface and use this 279 00:06:59,470 --> 00:07:02,010 solid liquid interface and use this understanding in improving our 280 00:07:02,010 --> 00:07:02,020 understanding in improving our 281 00:07:02,020 --> 00:07:05,640 understanding in improving our scientific and technological basis for 282 00:07:05,640 --> 00:07:05,650 scientific and technological basis for 283 00:07:05,650 --> 00:07:08,930 scientific and technological basis for crystal growth so how is all this 284 00:07:08,930 --> 00:07:08,940 crystal growth so how is all this 285 00:07:08,940 --> 00:07:11,010 crystal growth so how is all this experimentation with crystal growth 286 00:07:11,010 --> 00:07:11,020 experimentation with crystal growth 287 00:07:11,020 --> 00:07:14,130 experimentation with crystal growth going to help us here on earth well 288 00:07:14,130 --> 00:07:14,140 going to help us here on earth well 289 00:07:14,140 --> 00:07:15,540 going to help us here on earth well since the inception of the 290 00:07:15,540 --> 00:07:15,550 since the inception of the 291 00:07:15,550 --> 00:07:18,330 since the inception of the first I'm so sad when people were amazed 292 00:07:18,330 --> 00:07:18,340 first I'm so sad when people were amazed 293 00:07:18,340 --> 00:07:19,730 first I'm so sad when people were amazed by the miracle of wireless 294 00:07:19,730 --> 00:07:19,740 by the miracle of wireless 295 00:07:19,740 --> 00:07:22,230 by the miracle of wireless communications the development and 296 00:07:22,230 --> 00:07:22,240 communications the development and 297 00:07:22,240 --> 00:07:24,600 communications the development and ever-increasing news of crystals has 298 00:07:24,600 --> 00:07:24,610 ever-increasing news of crystals has 299 00:07:24,610 --> 00:07:26,730 ever-increasing news of crystals has generated the search for improvement in 300 00:07:26,730 --> 00:07:26,740 generated the search for improvement in 301 00:07:26,740 --> 00:07:31,080 generated the search for improvement in crystal quality on earth gravity makes 302 00:07:31,080 --> 00:07:31,090 crystal quality on earth gravity makes 303 00:07:31,090 --> 00:07:34,350 crystal quality on earth gravity makes the growing process more complex non 304 00:07:34,350 --> 00:07:34,360 the growing process more complex non 305 00:07:34,360 --> 00:07:37,620 the growing process more complex non uniformity defects and voids are common 306 00:07:37,620 --> 00:07:37,630 uniformity defects and voids are common 307 00:07:37,630 --> 00:07:40,500 uniformity defects and voids are common and results in adverse effects on the 308 00:07:40,500 --> 00:07:40,510 and results in adverse effects on the 309 00:07:40,510 --> 00:07:44,040 and results in adverse effects on the properties of the crystal by growing 310 00:07:44,040 --> 00:07:44,050 properties of the crystal by growing 311 00:07:44,050 --> 00:07:46,560 properties of the crystal by growing crystals in space these earthbound 312 00:07:46,560 --> 00:07:46,570 crystals in space these earthbound 313 00:07:46,570 --> 00:07:49,590 crystals in space these earthbound effects are eliminated we'll have a 314 00:07:49,590 --> 00:07:49,600 effects are eliminated we'll have a 315 00:07:49,600 --> 00:07:51,000 effects are eliminated we'll have a better understanding of the growth 316 00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:51,010 better understanding of the growth 317 00:07:51,010 --> 00:07:52,860 better understanding of the growth process which will enable us to optimize 318 00:07:52,860 --> 00:07:52,870 process which will enable us to optimize 319 00:07:52,870 --> 00:07:55,140 process which will enable us to optimize techniques for growing crystals here on 320 00:07:55,140 --> 00:07:55,150 techniques for growing crystals here on 321 00:07:55,150 --> 00:07:59,430 techniques for growing crystals here on earth this information translates into 322 00:07:59,430 --> 00:07:59,440 earth this information translates into 323 00:07:59,440 --> 00:08:02,340 earth this information translates into practical uses such as the development 324 00:08:02,340 --> 00:08:02,350 practical uses such as the development 325 00:08:02,350 --> 00:08:06,060 practical uses such as the development of better semiconductors electrical 326 00:08:06,060 --> 00:08:06,070 of better semiconductors electrical 327 00:08:06,070 --> 00:08:07,950 of better semiconductors electrical circuits are built into the silicon 328 00:08:07,950 --> 00:08:07,960 circuits are built into the silicon 329 00:08:07,960 --> 00:08:10,050 circuits are built into the silicon crystals used in today's solid-state 330 00:08:10,050 --> 00:08:10,060 crystals used in today's solid-state 331 00:08:10,060 --> 00:08:14,400 crystals used in today's solid-state devices in industry complex machining 332 00:08:14,400 --> 00:08:14,410 devices in industry complex machining 333 00:08:14,410 --> 00:08:16,740 devices in industry complex machining operations robotic assembly and 334 00:08:16,740 --> 00:08:16,750 operations robotic assembly and 335 00:08:16,750 --> 00:08:19,530 operations robotic assembly and automated inspection are all controlled 336 00:08:19,530 --> 00:08:19,540 automated inspection are all controlled 337 00:08:19,540 --> 00:08:22,920 automated inspection are all controlled by crystal equipped mechanisms in the 338 00:08:22,920 --> 00:08:22,930 by crystal equipped mechanisms in the 339 00:08:22,930 --> 00:08:25,320 by crystal equipped mechanisms in the medical field new techniques in the 340 00:08:25,320 --> 00:08:25,330 medical field new techniques in the 341 00:08:25,330 --> 00:08:27,000 medical field new techniques in the operating rooms are the result of 342 00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:27,010 operating rooms are the result of 343 00:08:27,010 --> 00:08:30,360 operating rooms are the result of advances in crystal technology computers 344 00:08:30,360 --> 00:08:30,370 advances in crystal technology computers 345 00:08:30,370 --> 00:08:32,190 advances in crystal technology computers are increasingly faster and more 346 00:08:32,190 --> 00:08:32,200 are increasingly faster and more 347 00:08:32,200 --> 00:08:33,900 are increasingly faster and more efficient because of better quality 348 00:08:33,900 --> 00:08:33,910 efficient because of better quality 349 00:08:33,910 --> 00:08:37,320 efficient because of better quality crystals and today's communications have 350 00:08:37,320 --> 00:08:37,330 crystals and today's communications have 351 00:08:37,330 --> 00:08:39,510 crystals and today's communications have come a long way from the first crystal 352 00:08:39,510 --> 00:08:39,520 come a long way from the first crystal 353 00:08:39,520 --> 00:08:43,860 come a long way from the first crystal set this experiment will help to advance 354 00:08:43,860 --> 00:08:43,870 set this experiment will help to advance 355 00:08:43,870 --> 00:08:45,660 set this experiment will help to advance the fundamental knowledge of 356 00:08:45,660 --> 00:08:45,670 the fundamental knowledge of 357 00:08:45,670 --> 00:08:48,810 the fundamental knowledge of solidification and crystal growth it is 358 00:08:48,810 --> 00:08:48,820 solidification and crystal growth it is 359 00:08:48,820 --> 00:08:51,240 solidification and crystal growth it is a collaborative international exercise 360 00:08:51,240 --> 00:08:51,250 a collaborative international exercise 361 00:08:51,250 --> 00:08:54,000 a collaborative international exercise in which the scientific data will be 362 00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:54,010 in which the scientific data will be 363 00:08:54,010 --> 00:08:56,340 in which the scientific data will be shared and exchanged for the benefit of 364 00:08:56,340 --> 00:08:56,350 shared and exchanged for the benefit of 365 00:08:56,350 --> 00:09:40,290 shared and exchanged for the benefit of all of us 366 00:09:40,290 --> 00:09:40,300 367 00:09:40,300 --> 00:09:42,360 you